References
The study that guided the project, with what a designer expects from an irrigation CAD, the engine formulas, the sizing formulations, agronomy, pivots, terrain, the file formats and the bibliography, is in docs/TECHNICAL_STUDY.md (Portuguese translation in docs/PESQUISA.pt-BR.md). The modules added since then cite their sources in their doc comments, with the equation and table numbers they use:
| Topic | Sources |
|---|---|
| Transients | Wylie, E. B.; Streeter, V. L. (1993), Fluid Transients in Systems; Chaudhry, M. H. (2014), Applied Hydraulic Transients; Thorley, A. R. D.; Faithfull, E. M. (1992), Inertias of pumps and their driving motors (also Thorley 2004, Fluid Transients in Pipeline Systems); Bergant, A.; Simpson, A. R.; Tijsseling, A. S. (2006), "Water hammer with column separation: a historical review", Journal of Fluids and Structures 22(2) (vapour cavity model) |
| Air valves | AWWA Manual M51, Air-Release, Air/Vacuum, and Combination Air Valves |
| Extended period, EPANET files | Rossman, L. A. (2000), EPANET 2 Users Manual, and the analysis algorithms of EPANET 2.2; EPANET 2.2 Users Manual, EPA/600/R-20/133 (input file format) |
| Sizing and pipes | Alperovits, E.; Shamir, U. (1977), Water Resources Research 13(6) (looped networks); Scobey (1930), after Keller & Bliesner (1990); Chow (1959) (Manning n); ISO 1452-2 and ISO 4427-1 annex A, NBR 14312 (pressure class derating with temperature); ANSI/HI 9.6.1 (NPSH margin) |
| On-demand networks | Clément, R. (1966), "Calcul des débits dans les réseaux d'irrigation fonctionnant à la demande", La Houille Blanche 5; Lamaddalena, N.; Sagardoy, J. A. (2000), Performance analysis of on-demand pressurized irrigation systems, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 59; Wichura (1988), AS 241; L'Ecuyer (1999), MRG32k3a |
| Criticality, calibration | Wagner, J. M.; Shamir, U.; Marks, D. H. (1988), J. Water Resources Planning and Management 114(3); Kiefer (1953); Levenberg (1944); Marquardt (1963) |
| Energy and tariffs | Jiménez-Bello, M. A. et al. (2010), Biosystems Engineering 105(4); Carrillo Cobo, M. T. et al. (2011), Irrigation Science 29; ANEEL Normative Resolution 1,000/2021, art. 186; MME Normative Ordinance 137 of 8 June 2026 |
| Routing and wiring | Alpert, C. J. et al. (1995), IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design 14(7); Takahashi, H.; Matsuyama, A. (1980), Math. Japonica 24; Dijkstra (1959) |
| Agronomy | Allen, R. G.; Pereira, L. S.; Raes, D.; Smith, M. (1998), FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56; Ayers, R. S.; Westcot, D. W. (1985), FAO-29 Rev. 1; Smith (1992), FAO-46; Brouwer & Heibloem (1986), FAO Training Manual 3; Savva & Frenken (2002), FAO Irrigation Manual Module 9; USDA-SCS (1970) TR-21 and NRCS NEH Part 623 ch. 2; Keller & Bliesner (1990); Keller, J.; Karmeli, D. (1974); Rawls, Brakensiek & Saxton (1982), Trans. ASAE 25(5); NRCS NEH Part 652 (1997); USDA-SCS NEH Section 15 ch. 11 (1983); Irrigation Association SWAT protocol (2008) and US EPA WaterSense (2011); Schwartzman & Zur (1986), J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 112(3); California MWELO (CCR Title 23, §§ 490–495, 2015); Burt, O'Connor & Ruehr (1995), Fertigation |
| Solar pumping | IEC 62253:2011; IEC 61724-1; Duffie & Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes (Liu & Jordan; Erbs, Klein & Duffie 1982) |
| Mechanised and surface irrigation | Heermann & Hein (1968); NRCS NEH Part 623 ch. 4 and 11; Kansas State University MF3608 (2022); Evans, R. G. et al. (2013), Irrigation Science 31; IEC 60364-5-52 annex G, IEC 60228, IEEE Std 399 and 446; Walker & Skogerboe (1987) and Walker (1989), FAO-45; Elliott & Walker (1982); Strelkoff (1977); U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Water Measurement Manual |
| Layout and turf | Irrigation Association (2014), Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices; Keller & Bliesner (1990); IFAB Law 1, World Athletics and USGA recommendations for pitches, tracks and greens; Garcia-Castellanos & Lombardo (2007), Scottish Geographical Journal 123; Seginer, Kantz & Nir (1991) (sprinklers in wind) |
| Vegetation detection | Woebbecke et al. (1995) (excess green); Otsu (1979); Meyer & Neto (2008); Gitelson et al. (2002); Taubin (1995); Douglas & Peucker (1973) |
| Terrain and coordinates | Sloan (1993), Computers & Structures 47(3) (constrained Delaunay); ASPRS LAS 1.4 R15 (2019); LandXML 1.2 (2008); IBGE R.PR 1/2005 and R.PR 23/1989 (SIRGAS 2000, SAD 69, Córrego Alegre); OGC 01-009 (WKT 1), ISO 19162:2019 (WKT 2), EPSG; Karney (2011) |
| Water balance, scheduling and runoff | Allen et al. (1998), FAO-56 chapter 8 (daily soil water balance) and equations 47, 62, 65 and 76; Doorenbos, J.; Kassam, A. H. (1979), FAO-33 (yield response factor Ky); NRCS NEH Part 623 ch. 4 and Part 652 (intake families); Heermann & Hein (1968) and Keller & Bliesner (1990), ch. 14 (application of moving laterals); Zoldoske & Solomon (1988) (scheduling coefficient); ASCE-EWRI (2005), eq. 18 |
| Laterals | Keller & Bliesner (1990), Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation, ch. 15 and 23 (the longest lateral by the variation of the emitter flow) |
| Power and water | IEC 60034-30-1 (IE3 motors); ABNT NBR 5410 and IEC 60364-5-52 (feeders); IEC 60909 (short circuit); ABNT NBR 5440 (distribution transformers); Brazilian Law 14,300/2022 (net metering of distributed generation); Nakayama (1982) and Nakayama & Bucks (1986) (clogging hazard of micro-irrigation water); Langelier saturation index |
| Permits, documents and costs | Brazilian Law 9,433/1997; ANA Resolutions 1,939/2017 and 188/2024; IBGE R.PR 1/2005; TCU Ruling 2622/2013 (BDI); Fuller, S. K.; Petersen, S. R. (1996), NIST Handbook 135 (life-cycle cost); ISO 7200 (title block data fields); ISO 5457 (sheet sizes); ISO 19005-2 (PDF/A), IEC 61966-2-1 and ICC.1:2001-04 (sRGB profile) |
| Pipes, pumps and the LP | ISO 1452-2, EN 12201-2, ISO 4427-2, ISO 4065, IS 4985:2021, IS 4984:2016, ASTM D2241 and D1785 (pipes by standard); NEMA MG 1 (service factor); ISO 9906 class 1B and Fritsch & Carlson (1980) (pump curves through their points); Michaud (surge of a slow closure); Wolfe (1963) and Bland's rule (simplex without cycling) |
| Map projections and rasters | Snyder, J. P. (1987), Map Projections — A Working Manual, USGS Professional Paper 1395 (Albers, Lambert conformal conic, polyconic); EPSG Guidance Note 7, part 2; TIFF 6.0 and TIFF Technical Note 3 (floating-point predictor), BigTIFF and cloud-optimised GeoTIFF |
| Formats and details | ISO 32000-1 (PDF); OpenType and Unicode (UAX #9, Character Database); RFC 7946 and the 2008 GeoJSON specification; GPX 1.1; ISO 16739-1:2018 (IFC4) and ISO 10303-21; ESRI Shapefile Technical Description (1998); ISFF (DGN V7); ASAE S376.2 (covers of buried thermoplastic irrigation pipelines); Azevedo Netto, Manual de Hidráulica (suction submergence); CONAMA Resolution 284/2001 (licensing categories) |